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A metal alloy is a combination of elements that contains one or more metallic elements and has some property that differs from pure elements of the same type, usually increased strength or hardness. Alloys are used in many industrial applications, such as tinplate and coatings. They are also used in a wide variety of solders and bronzes. Bronzes are a major end use for tin. The first tin alloys used on a large scale were bronzes made of copper and tin starting around 3000 BC. The earliest alloys were mostly bronzes, but later additions of other metals and nonmetals produced alloys with different properties including stiffness and ductility.
Gold is alloyed with almost all metals and some other metalloids such as arsenic, tin and zinc. It is most readily liquated in the presence of small quantities of base metals, especially antimony, bismuth and arsenic. It can be liquated to some extent with lead, tin and zinc, but only to a very limited degree. The alloys produced with these metals are pale yellow to grey in colour and brittle. They are soluble in aqua regia but not in hydrochloric acid.
The most important of the commercial alloys are gold-tin, silver-gold and a variety of solders and bronzes. In these alloys the tin contributes to the fluidity of the solution and the low melting point, making casting very easy, leaving little wear on the molds. These alloys are primarily used for electrical and mechanical connections, but also in some cases have other important properties such as corrosion resistance or machinability.