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Nickel is a transition metal that is widely distributed in the environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources. It is found in soils, air and water at varying concentrations. The environmental pollution from nickel derives from a wide range of anthropogenic activities including mining, electroplating, production of nickel-cadmium batteries and as a catalyst in the chemical industry [1]. Nickel is also emitted into the atmosphere as oxides, sulfides and soluble compounds contaminating soils and drinking water. Exposure to nickel is associated with skin dermatitis, cardiovascular disease and pulmonary fibrosis in humans. In addition, nickel is known to trigger cellular response in animals and humans that includes heritable DNA mutations, chromosome aberrations, cell cycle alterations and cell growth inhibition.
In control conditions, the amplitude of the tail current decayed monoexponentially. However, in the presence of 300 mM Ni2+, the first exponential was replaced by a biexponential decay that may reflect that not all channels were unblocked by the prepulse. This observation suggests that the pore of the a1G channel is more likely to bind Ba2+ than Ni2+ in the absence of the prepulse, reducing the magnitude of the outward current and slowing inactivation kinetics (Fig. 1 B).
A number of production engine blocks have been made with a higher nickel content than the standard cast iron block. The high nickel blocks are usually identified by having either a 010 or 020 cast beneath the 10 in the timing cover area of the block. The higher nickel content makes the block tougher and less prone to cracking but at the expense of heat dissipation.