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Silica gel is an amorphous form of silica consisting of an irregular tridimensional network of silicon and oxygen atoms with nanometer-scale voids and pores, and is often used as a desiccant. Silica gel can also be regenerated by heating, and has the property of adsorbing water molecules (see water sorption on silica). The term “gel” refers to its texture, which is soft in comparison to massive silica glass or quartz and somewhat gelatinous when wet. Silica gel can be used to remove moisture from gases and liquids, thicken paints and synthetic films, or to add a dull surface for printing.
The large surface area of silica gel provides it with a high capacity for moisture absorption, which makes it a valuable desiccant, preventing mold growth and other forms of condensation. Silica gel can also be activated to release the absorbed water, making it useful for removing humidity from electronics or other materials that will be damaged by moisture buildup. Silica gel packets often come with a “Do not eat” label, since the silica gel can absorb poisonous additives found in foods like pepperoni or ham.
Silica gel is also sometimes used as an intermediate for the synthesis of amines. The amine functional groups can be bound to the surface of the silica, enhancing its ability to bind and desorb water molecules. This can be done by etching the silica using acid, followed by precipitation with water, washing, and drying.