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Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs; both single- and multi-walled) and graphene, exhibit outstanding properties on the molecular level and promise to revolutionize many areas of technology. However, in order to reap the benefits of these extraordinary materials, we need to be able to manufacture them at scale. The current methods for producing large-area graphene and CNTs involve wet etching or dry printing (or stamping) on metal substrates. However, wet etching is difficult and unavoidably damages and contaminates the graphene layer with residues, and dry printing is inefficient for high-throughput fabrication.
Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) form of carbon that has remarkable electrical and mechanical properties. It has a honeycomb lattice structure with a unit cell that contains two carbon atoms, and its electronic structure is just above the band gap between semiconductors and metals. Because of the sp2-hybridized bonds, each carbon atom in graphene has one of its four valence electrons unpaired, making it an ideal conductor.
CNTs are cylindrically shaped carbon molecules with exceptional mechanical, optical and electronic properties, but their chiral nature leads to different electronic structures depending on the chiral angle
Graphene is a 2D allotrope of carbon that has extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties, but it is also chemically very sensitive. The sp2-hybridized carbon bonds that make up the bulk of graphene have an extremely high binding energy and, as a result, a very low dispersion strength. This gives graphene the unusual property that it can be made either completely metallic or semiconducting simply by changing its concentration of electrons, as long as variations in effective scattering strengths are neglected.