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sulfur-33 is a stable (non-radioactive) isotope of sulfur. It is produced by fission and used for applications including biological labeling, as a target material in nuclear fusion and molecular studies. It is available in a variety of forms including rod, pellets, pieces, granules and sputtering targets.
The natural abundance of sulfur-33 is very low, and it has a moderate quadrupole moment. However, its magnetogyric ratio is quite low and it is intrinsically insensitive to the magnetic field. Therefore, its NMR spectra are very sensitive to solvent and dilution effects. Line narrowing techniques are required to achieve high signal-to-noise ratios in solution spectra. The first demonstration of this technique was accomplished for the 33S spectroscopy of thiophene in supercritical carbon dioxide and ethylene
Observation of isotopic fingerprints in precipitation and streamflows has been important in understanding the chemistry of catchments and their hydrologic processes. Differences in the d34S of ecosystem components have been used to separate pollution sources and identify watershed characteristics. In addition, the d34S of sulfate can be used to distinguish between atmospherically and groundwater-derived sulfate in mountain lakes.
Dual-isotope fingerprints in sulfate aerosols have shown promise as a tool for source identification in urban environments. However, the underlying mechanisms causing mass-independent fractionation of the sulfur-isotopes remain largely unresolved. Recent work has suggested that these anomalies can be attributed to the formation of non-biogenic sulfur-enriched sulfide from iron oxide in sulfate aerosols.