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Sodium chloride is a simple ionic salt that dissolves in water to give a neutral solution. Its strong electrostatic attractions between the positive and negative ions require a lot of energy to break, which gives it its high melting and boiling points. Magnesium chloride, on the other hand, has weak intermolecular forces such as van der Waals dispersion that allow billions of ions to be packed tightly together in a crystal lattice and form a more stable structure.
It is also less toxic than CaCl2. Sodium chloride is highly toxic to both the environment and humans, while MgCl2 has significantly lower toxicity. This is mainly due to the fact that MgCl2 cannot be degraded by microorganisms as readily and does not accumulate in the tissues of animals. In addition, the MgCl2 hydrates MgCl2
The MgCl2-KCl-NaCl ternary mixture has been shown to have much lower melting and freezing temperatures than the single salts in a number of experimental studies. These experiments have been conducted via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which is the most accurate method to measure a solid’s melting and freezing point. In the study done by Mohan et al, the ternary mixture of MgCl2-KCl-NaCl 49.0-18.5-32.5 mol% was found to be closest to the theoretical exact eutectic composition. This was confirmed by analyzing the endpoints of the melting and freezing curve during heating. In addition, a Midwest Research Institute study evaluated ice penetration which is the ability of the deicing salt to penetrate into ice and snow to break their bond with pavement so that vehicles or snow plows can remove them. In the cold conditions typically seen in Washington, DC, Maryland, Virginia and Delaware, MgCl2 penetrated ice and snow 29% faster than magnesium at -7C (20F) and 42% more rapidly at -1C (30F).